Doing Science
termites.jpg

Week 2 Thursday

Conservation Biology in the News: 
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/09/illegal-loggers-blamed-for-of-peru-forest-campaigner

 

Illegal loggers blamed for murder of Peru forest campaigner

Authorities confirm killing of Edwin Chota and three other men, with reports saying they were shot in front of villagers
 
Edwin Chota, an activist against illegal logging, was  murdered along with three other men, say Peruvian authorities

Edwin Chota, an activist against illegal logging, was murdered along with three other men, say Peruvian authorities. Photograph: Scott Wallace/Getty Images
Illegal loggers are being blamed for the murder of four Asheninka natives including a prominent anti-logging campaigner, Edwin Chota, near the Peruvian frontier with Brazil.

Authorities in Peru have confirmed that Chota, the leader of Alto Tamaya-Saweto, a community in Peru’s Amazon Ucayali region, fought for his people’s right to gain titles to their land and expel illegal loggers who raided their forests on the Brazilian border. He featured in reports by National Geographic and the New York Times that detailed how death threats were made against him and members of his community.

“This is a terribly sad outcome. And the saddest part is that it was a foreseen event,” said Julia Urrunaga, Peru director for the Environmental Investigation Agency, an international conservation group.
 

“It was widely known that Edwin Chota and other leaders from the Alto Tamaya-Saweto community were asking for protection from the Peruvian authorities because they were receiving death treats from the illegal loggers operating in their area.”

Local leader Reyder Sebastian Quinticuari, the president of Aconamac, an association of Ashaninka communities, told local media that Edwin Chota and his companions were killed on 1 September but the news was delayed due to the remoteness of the location.

Henderson Rengifo, a leader with Peru’s largest indigenous federation, Aidesep, called on the Peruvian state to do more protect indigenous people from criminal mafias.

“We must ensure that justice is done and this crime does not go unpunished.”

A 2012 World Bank report estimated that as much as 80% of Peru’s logging exports are harvested illegally [PDF] and investigations have revealed that the wood is typically laundered using doctored papers to make it appear legal and ship it out of the country; while a 2012 report by the Environmental Investigation Agency indicated at least 40% of official cedar exports to the US included illegally logged timber.

A recent operation conducted by Peruvian customs looked at other timber species and, in three months, stopped the export of a volume of illegally logged timber equivalent to more than six Olympic pools.

 


 

Announcements:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 


Question 1: How does science work?  What is the "scientific method?"

 

How does science differ from non-science?

What is "pseudo-science"?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 


 

Question 2: How are hypotheses developed and tested?

What is a hypothesis, & how is it formulated?

 

 

Termite Wrangling Exercise:

Roles of team members:

·     Termite wrangler

·     Recorder

·     Time keeper

·     Encourager (keeps the discussion focused), collect all 4 folders at the end of class. Replace in box at front of room.

Time for activity: ~60 minutes.

Equipment: termites in small petri dish, white paper, paint brush, 1 pen & 1 pencil from the equipment supply up front

Procedure:

1.On a sheet of white paper, draw two circles (1 pen, 1 pencil) about the size of a silver dollar near each other on the center of the paper.

2.Termite wrangler -- release the termites onto the paper.

3.Team -- discuss what you observe.

4.Recorder -- take notes on notebook paper.

5.Team -- Develop a testable question, then write it as a formal hypothesis.

6.Design a method to test the question. Everyone in the group make predictions about what you will observe. Record.

o    Termites can be placed back in their habitat while you are doing this.

7.Test the hypothesis as many times as possible.

8.Record the results.


Group discusses, getting feedback from all individuals (hint: try round-robin), and writes responses to the following questions on Paper to turn in:

1. What was your group's hypothesis?

2. Describe the experimental design.

3.What variables were involved in your experiment?

4.What was the sample size (how many times did you do the experiment?)

5.What were the results of your experiment?

6.Based on your question, do the data support it or not support it -- explain why.

7.What are the potential sources of error in your experiment?

Place the original copy of your work in the Recorder's folder, give all folders to Encourager to put in box at front of room.


Homework: Find some background information to help assess your hypothesis about the termite behavior, and come prepared to share it with the class next time.

 

 


Science is a way of knowing - what is the nature of science?

Science is:

What is the nature of the evidence? -- critically evaluate evidence throughout this course!

 Experimental design- terminology:

variables - dependent variables, independent variables, controlled variables

Dependent variable: what the investigator measures (or counts or records). It is what the investigator thinks will be affected by the experiment. 

Independent variable: what the investigator varies during the experiment. It is what the investigator thinks will affect the dependent variable. 

What was the dependent variable in your termite experiment?
What was the independent variable in your termite experiment?

 

(Other experimental terminology...:

sample size - how is it determined?  why is a large sample size usually better than a small sample size?

experimental error (use statistics)